Morality vs. Culture :: Free Essays

Is virtuousity Relative to culture?This arguments foundation is the basic question on whether morality is sex act to culture, or owns own desires. The pros of this argument are that we get to establish whether or not morality is a true sense of justice. As Melville J. Herskovitz indicates who is in upgrade of the cultural relativism notion, Morality is a diverse unique variation of codes and ethics threat arises from culture to culture, belief to belief. He argues that we cannot judge society based on its laws, and that we have to right to declare them inhumane. The pros of his argument supporting cultural relativism are that we as a superior society in the unify States need to respect the laws and traditions as what is deemed acceptable in other third world nations. After all he eluded, it was by force that Europeans imposed themselves upon African cultures. This serves as the basis for his argument. That we are in no right to judge simply because we live a different lifestyle and fear change. His opposition, Louis P. Pojman makes a abundant counter attack. He agrees with Herskovitz in that social morality does indeed differ from culture to culture, but that does not make them necessarily right. He continues his argument by accentuating that if conventional relativism is accepted, then racism genocide of unpopular minorities, oppression of the poor, slavery, and even the advocacy of war for its own sake are as equally moral as their opposites. I believe this is where Pojman solidifies his argument. Conventionalist relativism seems to reduce to subjectivism. And subjectivism leads, as we have seen, to the demise of morality altogether (Pojman). I cannot pinpoint a con on Pojmans argrument because he acknowledges the importance of ethical diversity, and he strongly recommends that we scrutinize the cultural relativism argument to find the many loopholes that the naked eye cant see.

Fire And Ice - Compared To 4 Other Poems Essay -- essays research pape

Five Great Pieces of ThoughtI think Robert hoarfrost is a understandable, nevertheless yet an unconventional poet. poesy wrote in his own style, and as a result, he took quite a bit of heat from the critics of his period. Frost has an elegant style of writing descriptive and understandable poems. I am going to articulate you about the five best pieces he has ever written. set-back off, "A Considerable Speck" is a unusual poem about Frost noticing a tiny taking into custody on his paper. Upon further observation, Frost notices that the speck is actually a extremely tiny mite, struggling to avoid being crushed by Frosts pen. Frost appreciates the insects dispute to stay alive and leaves it on his paper. Frost allows the mite to sleep on his paper because he values any intelligence, even one that is small as a bugs. This poem is told directly from Robert Frosts mouth. It extracts how much the poet appreciates the little issues in life. Regardless of size Frost underst ands that a life is a life, and all lives are important. The imagery in this poem is truly clear to me. I can picture an old man trying to blow a piece of dirt off the paper. Then the piece of dirt starts moving, as he sees what he believes to be a dot on the paper but really to be a mite. The old man then starts to think about the value of life. The theme of the poem is that there is no such thing as an insignificant speck. Everything and everyone has a purpose for being here. This poem is filled with alliteration. Some examples I found are cunning crept, tenderer-than-thou, and breathing blown (Silberner 98). sagacity is repeated three times in the final stanza. Also there were two instances in which Frost used assonance room for and living mite. The rhyme scheme of the first stanza of "A Considerable Speck" is AABBCCDADEEFGFGHH, but there is no pattern throughout the poem (Silberner 99).Next I would like to tell you about is "Ghost House". It is an remarkably de scriptive poem illustrating an aged, haunted house. The imagery in this poem is marvelous. This poem allows the reader to see the house as if he were standing on the front porch. You can picture an old decrepit house, covered with vines and wild raspberries. There is a dying tree in the front yard, with only one vital branch on it. Beneath the tree there are two gravestones so covered in moss that the name calling cannot be... ...uching poem to me because I was always taught to be my own person and I thank my parents for that.Robert Frosts life started out quite different than closely people. He never had any formal schooling until he was the age of twelve years old. This wasnt the way you would think a famous writer would start off his life. The even awkward part of this story is that he graduated Lawrence High School as co-valedictorian of his graduating class. When I saw that I was very struck. I realized that changing is all up to one person and that one person is you. Robert Frosts life took drastic changes and as a result of this his poetry varies quite a bit (Silberner 192). At the time he was writing his more depressing poems, he was having trouble getting his poems published, and he was doing oddball jobs to make ends meet (Gioia and Kennedy 522). His more upbeat poems were not created until after magazines began printing his work. Robert Frost is a simple, yet powerful poet. He uses small, understandable words, which show very powerful meanings. The main reason why I appreciate Frosts work is because I can understand it, which is more than I can say for the majority of poetry that I have read.

Life in The Death of Ivan Ilyich Essay -- Tolstoy Death Ivan Ilych Ess

Life in The Death of Ivan Ilyich In Leo Tolstoys The Death of Ivan Ilyich, the written report begins with the death of the title character, Ivan Ilyich Golovin. Ivans closest friends discover his death in the obituary column in chapter one, but it is not until chapter two that we encounter our hero. Despite this opening, age Ilyich is physically alive during most of the storys action he only becomes spiritually alive a few moments before his death. The carriage of Ivan Ilyich, we are told, had been most naive and most ordinary and therefore most terrible (Tolstoy, Ch. 2). In analyzing this description of Ivans life, we see that Ivan has always done what is expected of him in the eyes of others (wife, co-workers, employers, etc.). While Ivan believes his life has run easily, pleasantly, and decorously like it should, we see that in reality it is an unfulfilled life. Ivans closest associates are more worried about who will be neighboring in line for promotion now that he is gon e, and at his funeral they are more concerned over a bridge game than grieving for the privation of a friend, The more intimate of Ivan Ilyichs acquaintances, his so-called friends, could not help thinking also that they would now lay down to fulfill the very tiresome demands of propriety by attending the funeral service and paying a visit of condolence to the widow (Tolstoy Ch. 1). Ivans wife is also self-centered and exhibits great disdain for her husband, who she considers more of a painfulness and hassle than anything else. Ivans last days are spent in terrible physical agony, as he uncontrollably screams and moans in pain. When Ivans friends come to pay their prize to his widow, we see in her comments to them that she never reall... ...y view this as a Christian worldview, one that embraces the afterlife, I see it as a man looking forward to inevitable death because even if it came late he figured out a meaning to life. In so doing he may not have had the opportunity to relive his life as no man does, but he found peace and fulfillment in his acceptance of his end. Existentialism argues in the concept of the eternal return that an individual to be most fulfilled should live a life that, having to repeat it over identically for all eternity, would be a concept that would be embraced. If Ivan had the chance to come back he would not enjoy living the same life over, but given some other chance to build a new one he would surely construct one that is different. WORKS CITED Tolstoy, L. The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Available http//faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/bmcclure/links2/ilyich.htm, 1886.

The Role of Media Bias in American Society Essay -- Media News Reporti

The Role of Media Bias in American SocietyOne of the major problems in the American media today is non-objective inform which is also known as bias. This has been a trend since the early 1980?s and is very alarming for American citizens who watch the news for truth and honest reporting. not only has bias been a problem in the broadcast media of ABC, NBC, and CBS, but it has also been a problem in mainstream newspapers such as The New York Times, The Sun, and The capital of Massachusetts Globe. For years, these media outlets have built their reputations on truth and now the trend is to lean left and not tell the whole story. Evidence of this has become very heavy(a) in war coverage and election bias. Bias in the media is a big issue and causes lots of problems throughout the public such as losing boldness in a once great source for news, people going elsewhere for information, being ill-informed, and leading to a low voter turnout.Public trust in the media has seen a signific ant drop since the media has started editorializing stories instead of reporting objectively. The media, which has dominated the American landscape as the number one news source for so long, has become complacent with their place in society. Media has become part of conglomerations consisting or television, newspapers, and movie companies all under on major corporation. Larger corporations which have started to corrupt out the original companies are more in it for the money leaving the news portion of the company up to the editors. Leaving editing to the editors can peradventure lead to a large bias that will sway the public?s opinion when it comes to elections, policy making, and a lack of being a watchdog for the two major political parties. Editors who make th... ...ongressman, Senators, Governors, in some states, judges, and on national election days when they vote for the next president of the United States. flora CitedCooper, S. D. (Jan 2005). Bringing Some Clarity t o the Media Bias Debate. Review of Communication. 5 (1), 81.Cunningham, B. (Sep/Oct 2004). Our Readers, Ourselves. Columbia Journalism Review. 43 (3), 64.Kelliher, L. (Mar/Apr 2004). Fox Watch MoveOn.org members take bias watching into their life story rooms. Columbia Journalism Review. 42 (6), 8.Kohut, A. (Mar/Apr 2002). Listen Up Bias Mongers The Audience Doesn?t Agree. Columbia Journalism Review. 40 (6), 68. McGowan, W. (1995, April). Left Out? Does a co-dependent kind exist between the liberal media and the Democratic Party keep both of them off the road to recovery? American Journalism Review. 17 (3), 40.

The Sentence :: Retribution Incapacitation Deterrence

As a judge dealing with a sentence for an individual that has been convicted of stealing others identity for monetary gain, specific discipline would be needed before a sentence could be imposed. The schooling needed would be as follows How many people did he steal identities from? How was he or she planning to obtain money from the stolen identities? How did he or she steal the identities? Specific every(prenominal)y, was it stolen from peoples garbage? Or was the identity stolen from a place that the person worked? Does the person stomach any prior convictions? What types of peoples identity were stolen? Were just elderly people targeted? What type of education does the individual have that stole from these people? To incorporate the sentencing goals of retribution, incapacitations and deterrence all distinguish of tie in with each other. Giving the individual five years sentence with minimum 3 years served. Retribution would be dealt with by giving the criminal jail meas ure well deserved. By serving time in jail, incapacitation would be incorporated. It would definitely remove the convicted person from the community. Jail time would prove to be short term deterrence for the person to commit further crime for three to five years while serving time. Depending on the persons experience in prison, it might deter him or her from committing any future crimes. To provide restitution for the community that was victimized the individual would be fined or sentenced to do some type of community service. The type of community service should be that of picking up trash along side the roadway or to cleaning a national park. This person should not do community service where he or she could be near any information of other persons. He or she does not need the opportunity to be a repeat offender. Rehabilitation could be done through some sort of counseling.

Many characters in To Kill A Mockingbird are isolated from mainstream :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

some characters in To Kill A Mockingbird are isolated from mainstreamsociety. Discuss the ways in which genus Atticus Finch and one othercharacter are get up apart from the society of MaycombTo Kill A Mockingbird was set in the 1930s in the siemens of USA,Alabama. At that period, slavery had already been made illegal. moreover flock in the south were a bitter about it because they still believedthat they needed the slaves to maintain their cotton fiber farms. Theydidnt treat the blacks as though they had the same sociable status asthem and basically still treated them as though they were stillslaves. This unfair preconception was widespread throughout the south.Maycomb, didnt in reality exist exactly was meant to be the embodiment ofa typical town in the south at that time.In harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, she has created characters whoseem a midget different and thus, isolated from the rest of Maycombsmainstream society. Prime examples of this isolation are Atticus andt he Ewells particularly Bob Ewell. in all likelihood one of the most important and obvious head up to AtticusFinchs isolation is his lack of detriment towards black people.Although this might not be seen as something extraordinary(predicate) at the presentday, it was at that time. More obviously so because the story was setin the south where prejudice against the blacks was something that was wreakn for granted. The people in Maycomb knew that prejudice was wrongand yet, they didnt think that prejudice against the blacks waswrong. They saw it as a separate matter. An example of this would bethe teacher telling the children that Over here we dont believe inpersecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are disfavor. The irony in it is that the reviewer knows that themajority of Maycomb are prejudiced against the blacks and to say thatHitler was wrong in being prejudiced was hypocritical. Atticus though,wasnt prejudiced and this was what made him different.He lets Calpurnia , a black woman, take care and act as a mother to hischildren. This though is not really seen by the people of Maycomb. Tothe people of Maycomb, Calpurnia is merely a housekeeper but shesactually often more than that. As he told Aunt Alexandra when AuntAlexandra wanted to dismiss her, She tried to shape them up accordingto her lights, and Cals lights are pretty good. distant others, heappreciates what Calpurnia did for him. We couldnt operate a singleday without Cal, have you ever thought of that? You think how much Caldoes for you? He says this to Scout when she wanted Atticus toMany characters in To Kill A Mockingbird are isolated from mainstream To Kill a Mockingbird EssaysMany characters in To Kill A Mockingbird are isolated from mainstreamsociety. Discuss the ways in which Atticus Finch and one othercharacter are set apart from the society of MaycombTo Kill A Mockingbird was set in the 1930s in the south of USA,Alabama. At that period, slavery had already been made illegal . Butpeople in the south were a bitter about it because they still believedthat they needed the slaves to maintain their cotton farms. Theydidnt treat the blacks as though they had the same social status asthem and basically still treated them as though they were stillslaves. This unfair prejudice was widespread throughout the south.Maycomb, didnt actually exist but was meant to be the embodiment ofa typical town in the south at that time.In Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, she has created characters whoseem a little different and thus, isolated from the rest of Maycombsmainstream society. Prime examples of this isolation are Atticus andthe Ewells particularly Bob Ewell.Probably one of the most important and obvious point to AtticusFinchs isolation is his lack of prejudice towards black people.Although this might not be seen as something unusual at the presentday, it was at that time. More obviously so because the story was setin the south where prejudice against the blacks was so mething that wastaken for granted. The people in Maycomb knew that prejudice was wrongand yet, they didnt think that prejudice against the blacks waswrong. They saw it as a separate matter. An example of this would bethe teacher telling the children that Over here we dont believe inpersecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who areprejudiced. The irony in it is that the reader knows that themajority of Maycomb are prejudiced against the blacks and to say thatHitler was wrong in being prejudiced was hypocritical. Atticus though,wasnt prejudiced and this was what made him different.He lets Calpurnia, a black woman, take care and act as a mother to hischildren. This though is not really seen by the people of Maycomb. Tothe people of Maycomb, Calpurnia is merely a housekeeper but shesactually much more than that. As he told Aunt Alexandra when AuntAlexandra wanted to dismiss her, She tried to bring them up accordingto her lights, and Cals lights are pretty good. Unlike others, h eappreciates what Calpurnia did for him. We couldnt operate a singleday without Cal, have you ever thought of that? You think how much Caldoes for you? He says this to Scout when she wanted Atticus to

Many characters in To Kill A Mockingbird are isolated from mainstream :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Many reference works in To Kill A Mockingbird are isolated from mainstreamsociety. Discuss the slipway in which Atticus Finch and one othercharacter are set apart from the society of MaycombTo Kill A Mockingbird was set in the mid-thirties in the south of USA,Alabama. At that period, slavery had already been made illegal. But quite a little in the south were a bitter about it because they tranquillise believedthat they postulate the slaves to maintain their cotton farms. Theydidnt treat the blacks as though they had the same social status asthem and basically still treated them as though they were stillslaves. This unfair evil was widespread throughout the south.Maycomb, didnt in truth exist but was meant to be the embodiment ofa typical town in the south at that time.In Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, she has created characters who calculate a little different and thus, isolated from the rest of Maycombsmainstream society. Prime examples of this isolation are Atticus andth e Ewells particularly Bob Ewell.Probably one of the most substantial and obvious point to AtticusFinchs isolation is his lack of prejudice towards black people.Although this might not be seen as something unusual at the presentday, it was at that time. More obviously so because the story was setin the south w present prejudice against the blacks was something that wastaken for granted. The people in Maycomb knew that prejudice was wrongand yet, they didnt think that prejudice against the blacks waswrong. They saw it as a separate matter. An example of this would bethe teacher telling the children that Over here we dont believe inpersecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are discriminative. The derision in it is that the reader knows that themajority of Maycomb are prejudiced against the blacks and to say thatHitler was wrong in being prejudiced was hypocritical. Atticus though,wasnt prejudiced and this was what made him different.He lets Calpurnia, a black woman, tak e care and act as a mother to hischildren. This though is not authentically seen by the people of Maycomb. Tothe people of Maycomb, Calpurnia is merely a housekeeper but shesactually much more than that. As he told Aunt Alexandra when AuntAlexandra precious to cut down her, She tried to bring them up accordingto her lights, and Cals lights are pretty good. Unlike others, heappreciates what Calpurnia did for him. We couldnt operate a singleday without Cal, have you ever perspective of that? You think how much Caldoes for you? He says this to Scout when she wanted Atticus toMany characters in To Kill A Mockingbird are isolated from mainstream To Kill a Mockingbird EssaysMany characters in To Kill A Mockingbird are isolated from mainstreamsociety. Discuss the ways in which Atticus Finch and one othercharacter are set apart from the society of MaycombTo Kill A Mockingbird was set in the 1930s in the south of USA,Alabama. At that period, slavery had already been made illegal. Butpeo ple in the south were a bitter about it because they still believedthat they needed the slaves to maintain their cotton farms. Theydidnt treat the blacks as though they had the same social status asthem and basically still treated them as though they were stillslaves. This unfair prejudice was widespread throughout the south.Maycomb, didnt actually exist but was meant to be the embodiment ofa typical town in the south at that time.In Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird, she has created characters whoseem a little different and thus, isolated from the rest of Maycombsmainstream society. Prime examples of this isolation are Atticus andthe Ewells particularly Bob Ewell.Probably one of the most important and obvious point to AtticusFinchs isolation is his lack of prejudice towards black people.Although this might not be seen as something unusual at the presentday, it was at that time. More obviously so because the story was setin the south where prejudice against the blacks was something that wastaken for granted. The people in Maycomb knew that prejudice was wrongand yet, they didnt think that prejudice against the blacks waswrong. They saw it as a separate matter. An example of this would bethe teacher telling the children that Over here we dont believe inpersecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who areprejudiced. The irony in it is that the reader knows that themajority of Maycomb are prejudiced against the blacks and to say thatHitler was wrong in being prejudiced was hypocritical. Atticus though,wasnt prejudiced and this was what made him different.He lets Calpurnia, a black woman, take care and act as a mother to hischildren. This though is not really seen by the people of Maycomb. Tothe people of Maycomb, Calpurnia is merely a housekeeper but shesactually much more than that. As he told Aunt Alexandra when AuntAlexandra wanted to dismiss her, She tried to bring them up accordingto her lights, and Cals lights are pretty good. Unlike others, heappreci ates what Calpurnia did for him. We couldnt operate a singleday without Cal, have you ever thought of that? You think how much Caldoes for you? He says this to Scout when she wanted Atticus to

Introduction to Marketing Essay

You down been employed as a market intern with one of the UKs largest marketing agencies and have been set various assignments to complete during your one-year internship. You forget be required to demonstrate your investigate skills on various projects related to marketing, enquiry and planning, marketing melt and online marketing. Task 1P1 expose how marketing techniques are apply to market ingatherings in two organisations Due figure reference to preliminary sheet for dateM1 match marketing techniques used in marketing products in two organisations You are helping the marketing manager organise a Marketing in Business conference. Your manager wants you to find turn up how other organisations use marketing techniques and has asked you to prepare a 10 minute presentation that you will retort at the conference. You have beenasked to produce a leaflet to support the presentation, comparing the organisation. You have also been asked to produce speaker notes, which will b e pass out at the conference. What to allow in your presentationIntroduce your two organisations, their personal credit line and marketing objectives Describe what marketing is and why organisations use various techniques Describe clearly the marketing techniques they use to market a particular product/ usefulness or product range What to include in the leafletCompare the similarities and differences between the use of marketing techniques in your two organisations Growth Strategies (Ansoffs Matrix)Survival StrategiesBranding and Brand positioningRelationship marketingDue date Refer to front sheet for dateTask 2Following your presentation about marketing techniques, you discovered that marketing activity is regulated and monitored by various bodies, codes of practice and laws. Using the 2 scenarios below, investigate and respond by letter to some(prenominal) P2 Describe the limitation and constraints of marketing on the business. Suggested letter limitIntroduce yourself and the department you work for.Describe why abiding by marketing rules and regulations is necessary Identify the legal rules that apply to the caseIdentify the impulsive factors that would apply to the case.Stress the consequences of failing to comply with the legal and voluntary constraints. Due date Refer to front sheet for dateScenario 1A business organisation named Fantasy has recently spent 10 million pounds launching a cutting perfume. Fantasy has advertised on television as easily as on YouTube. The advertisement is proving to be an international success and has raised a lot of interest from the young audience it is hoping to attract. Most importantly gross sales of the perfume have doubled over the last few months.However, there have been a total of complaints regarding the content of the advertisement. For instance there are concerns with regards to nudity, linguistic communication and the suitability of the advertisement for a younger audience. Of particular concern are the number of complaints that Fantasy use extreme methods when testing their products on animals. A number of pressure groups have campaigned for the ban of this advertisement from TV screens. Your taskYou have been asked to write a formal letter to Fantasy power point Office, Customer Complaints Division, identifying the limitations and constraints of marketing activities especially those that are relevant to the above scenario. Scenario 2You have recently purchased a in the buff mobile recollect on arriving home you realise that the phone is unable to carry out the functions that you were promised. The phone was considerably expensive and you saved up for months in order to be able to buy it. However, when visiting the caudex you were offered the opportunity to purchase the product on credit. The store has also advised you it would be more efficient if you went on to their website and brought the product online and they have offered you a but discount for doing so. Two weeks lat er you are still waiting for your mobile phone to arrive. To make matters worse once you signed up for this product you have been bombarded with cold calls from other mobile phone companies, you fear that your personal details have been given out to other organisations without your consent. Your taskHow are you protected as a consumer?You must write a formal letter to the Office of Fair Trading expressing your concerns. You must identify the relevant Acts and regulations that protect you as a consumer. Due date Refer to front sheet for dateTask 3P3 Describe how a selected organisation uses marketing interrogation to contribute to the cultivation of its marketing plans P4 Use marketing research for marketing planningYou have been approached by a new keep company that is interested in finding outwhether they should invest heavily in market research. Your first task is to produce a poster presentation on marketing research and planning, that you will deliver to the Board of Director s. Your suggested presentation contentChoose an organisation and agree choice with your teacher (www.thetimes100.co.uk case studies is a useful resource to use) Describe marketing research and marketing planning.Describe the marketing research that is used by your organisation Describe how the marketing research collected is used by the organisation in their marketing planning Now you need to carry out marketing planning using marketing research Select an existing product/service or say-so product/service for your organisation. Conduct primary and secondary research into customer perceptions and market analysis for the product/service and make proposals on how the organisations marketing planning can be developed. This should include a PESTLE/SWOT analysis, which shows the research you have conducted into your product. Your marketing plan should include the following1. Set clear SMART objectives regarding what you want your product or service to achieve 2. Conduct primary and secon dary research on your product or service. 3. Conduct a SWOT analysis highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of your product or service. 4. Conduct a PESTLE analysis, analysing the external environment and the impact this whitethorn have on your product or service. 5. Write a brief summary with regards to your findings.Due date Refer to front sheet for dateM2 rationalize the limitations of marketing research used to contribute to the development of a selected organisations marketing plans D2 Make justified recommendations for improving the validity of the marketing research used to contribute to the development of a selected organisations marketing plans. Considering limitations of market researchYour task is to identify and explain the limitations of the market research methods used by your organisation. You will need to submit a formal reportof the limitations that you have spoken about, for the directors. You have been asked to write a formal report to the Head of Market Research at Hammersmith and Fulham. You have to make recommendations on how they can improve the validity of marketing research used for marketing planning. Introduce yourself, your routine and who you work forExplain why you are writing to the organisation.Make at least 3 recommendations for improving the validity of market research used by your organisation Provide a justification for each recommendation you make.End your report with an offer to help if they require more information. Due date Refer to front sheet for dateTask 4P5 Explain how and why groups of customers are targeted for selected products You have been asked to develop a visual poster to explain how and why groups of customers are targeted for products. You should Explain what is meant by market segmentation and DMUsExplain the difference between customers, consumers and buyers Select 6 different target groups (this should include both B2C and B2B) and give examples of products that are aimed at them and why). Due date Refer to front sheet for dateTask 5A dynamic new company have approached your marketing agency and want you to help come up with an exciting new marketing campaign. You will produce a 10 minute presentation on the marketing mix. Propose a marketing mix based on your research to a clearly defined group of potential customers. P6 Develop a coherent marketing mix for a new product or service M3 Develop a coherent marketing mix that is targeted at a defined group of potential customers. Using the research from your previous task you will now give a presentation of the new marketing mix you propose. Suggested presentation content You will need to think about how you are going to present the marketing mix for the company (Product, Price, promotion and Place).The product or servicethat you choose does not have to be entirely new, it could be an established product or service introduced to a new market The marketing mix must be clearly targeted to a defined group of potential customers and needs to be detailed and clear so that all the 4Ps meet the exact needs and aspirations of the target group of customers. Due date Refer to front sheet for date

A Letter to Daphnis: Anne Finch, Countess of Winchelsea

Winches expressed affection towards her husband Vela poetry, which was, In her time, a medium of expression henpecked by men. Her husbands encouragement of her original pursuits was among many factors that produced a happy marriage. Daphnia became her husbands neo-classical dub, which the Finches and their literary friends each adopted. In Finchs versified billet- Doug, A Letter to Daphnia, April 2, 1685, Finch relegates her marital bliss by citing love as the reason for her poetry.She begins her rime, This to the crown and blessing of my lifetime much loved Cubans of a happy wife,/To him whose constant passion found the art/To produce a stubborn and ungrateful heart (1-4), relegating her husband to the role of a muse. Metonymy in the first cable television confirms affection towards her husband as the intensity of her poem. Enjambment connects lines 2-3, emphasizing the surplus of source material derived from the poets gratefulness to her significant other. Finch concludes her statement, And to the world by tenderness proof discovers/They err, who say that husbands cant be lovers. (5-6). Misanthropes In line 5 underscores her cabanas gentle yet profound effects, a source of wonder which provides her with poetic stirrings. By adhering to pentameter, Finch gives the introduction a formal, reverent tone, appropriate for addressing ones motivating subject. The poem continues, With such a return of passion, as is despairing I love, Daphnia my thoughts prudishnesss, my hopes, my joys are bounded all in you Even I, for Daphnia, and my promise sake,/What I in women censure, undertake (7-bob furthering the theme of partnership as a joyous well of inspiration.The poet explains that her passion (7) stems from a reaction to his passion (3) to show that the give-and-take rhythms of marled life perpetually stimulate expressions of love. Combining misanthropes with anaphora while she proclaims her love for Daphnia establishes the couples euphoric matrimony as the focu s of the piece. She addresses Daphnia In the singular, formal pronoun you, (9), malignantly the praiseworthy tone. Again, Finch employs misanthropes In the phrase, What I In women censure, undertake (1 1 calling attention to her acceptance of a subservient position.Culturally, a woman in Finchs time entered a marriage to bare children and take care of her husband. The average woman lacked a voice and rights, and was regarded as a husbands property. Finch expressed frustrations with the social restrictions of her time however, she found consequence in making her husband happy, particularly by means of composing romantic poetry. A Letter to Daphnia reveals Finchs dedication to her spouses liveliness through creative pursuits, in the lines, But this from love, no vanity, processed/You know who writes and I who TLS that reads.Judge not my passion by my want of salesman love well, though they express It Ill (12-15). erst more, misanthropes In the phrase But this from love, not vanity, processed (12) highlights the authors gratefulness for her husbands muse-like effects on her work. Misanthropes reoccurs in her technique appropriate given that she addresses her husband in his neo-classical nickname in the poem. She concludes, And I your censure could with pleasure bear J Would you but soon return, and speak it here (16-17), unveiling a desire to be full her fountain of illumination.Finch returns to the concept of censure (16) and propriety, which she paradoxically defies by writing poetry to please her spouse. In Anne Finchs poem A Letter to Daphnia, April 2, 1685, defiance of societal norms, namely women writing poetry, becomes a means to express deep affection for the man who inspires her. Through extensive use of stylistic devices, Classical traditions, and social critique, Finch demonstrates her talent for evaluate the Joys of marital bliss. The result is a famous love letter steeped in sincerity and eloquence.

Gardening to Reduce Stress

Stress quite a little re completelyy weigh down on our life and limit our activeness. There are many ways that one cigaret use to manage the high level of stress. One of the most effective ways is to burn up that stress. One will do something, whether conscious of it or not as a way of draining the tension in every day life. These activities may involve physical and mental exertion or engaging in a pleasurable activity. provided it should be noted that the activity that one use to burn away tension are usually strange and very idiosyncratic to an individual person. It is therefore important for every one to travail and find out which activity can be considered as a stress releaser. In this paper we are going to illustrate gardening as one of those activities which can be successfully used to manage stress.GardeningIn our perfunctory life, many of us garden because we have to grow and produce our own fruits, vegetables, and other types of foods. Other will do so for economic act ivities. In our nursing home compound, we may do gardening to create an attractive landscape where we can sit with our friends and relax.However gardening, regardless of the purpose with which it is done can be therapeutic. It is used as a way of fighting and relieving tension in our life. For some of use grading can relax our mind, body, and spirit. However we should understand that it is not gardening that is relaxing our mind, but it is the way we approach it. Once gardening is taken as a chore, it cannot effectively relax our bodies and mind but it turns out to be stressing. To moderate stress with gardening, it should be viewed as an enjoyable activity.While gardening, focusing on the main activity that one is undertaking or the activity at hand is the list to relieve stress and relax the body. The continuous gardening activities like digging, chopping, and to an extent hitting motions are also key to relieve stress and tension in life.There are also strenuous activities in gardening which act as an outlet for aggression and consequently wades of the aggression burning in our body which can be a cause of stress and anxiety.However it is not only strenuous activities which can relieve stress in gardening. Just taking a simpleton walk approximately the garden can be sufficient for others to take away their stress.When you take a walk around the garden, ensure that you take in all the available colors, textures, and fragrances available. This will give you a different experience from that of your house or your usual workplace. By the time you complete your walk around the garden you should be seeing better.If you want to relieve stress through gardening, take into consideration the following pointsMake a to do list which should be short so that you can stick to every activity planned for. It is advisable that not to put all activities in on list or try to do everything in one afternoon, evening or a weekend.Since you are doing gardening for the purpose of relaxing, it is advisable to follow the normal exercise beat or pattern of stretching, warm up, control, and others.Ensure that you apply the same vigor to garden activities like digging beds, turning composite, or cultivating as in other recitation activities like weight lifting, playing football, running or swimming.After a hard work in the garden, stop and take a rest. Be conscious and try to control your breathing. Take a deep breathe, stretch your body and relax during the resting period.While resting, stop and take a moment to observe what is around, hear, smell, touch and taste all what is around you. To add variety, you can listen to music while gardening.You can also use markers in your garden, and every time you see such a marker, stop, relax and take a deep breatheIn our society, stress is weighing down the life of many people. It is better to allow the natural rhythms of gardening in tell apart to slow you down and calm you. When you pay attention to gardening you will get much involved and fulfilled. It is also important to remember that how you garden is more important than just gardening.When you find time, you can volunteer. There are many areas in gardening where you can volunteer including horticultural therapy programs. If you cannot find gardening more fulfilling in your home, you can volunteer in nursing homes, day care center facilities or in hospitals and engage in gardening.ConclusionStress affects the life of many people. However many people suffer in silence without knowing how to cope with that stress. It is important to realize that there are many activities in our surrounding that can help us to relive our stress. Gardening is one of the most important activities that can assist you to relieve stress.You should take gardening not only as an economic activity but it can also help you to relax. However your approach to gardening is important to help you relieve stress. Next time you feel stressed, think about gardening. It m ay help you to relax and reduce you stress. But remember, the approach is more important than the activity itself

Case Study: Ocean Carriers Essay

Executive summaryOcean Carriers is contemplating the opportunity of stipulating a 3-year leasing contract that would require commissioning the construction of a parvenu vessel. In the short marches applied hire rank are decreasing, just as they should be on the recovery side starting 2003. While signing a impertinent client and therefore expanding the business, the aforementioned investment should be undertaken in Hong Kong. Further more(prenominal), a 15year project is preferable, thus scrapping the vessel at an estimated price of $5M in order to reinvest that pith and avoid facing heavier upcoming costs.Although the longer lasting project (25 years) guarantees a higher net present order and forecasted rates bring outm to be increasing, less(prenominal) agility on future market occasions, increasing hire rates volatility and risks to bear for the corporation must be considered. Moreover, the alleged strong coefficient of correlation between number of cargos and hire rates i s being questioned.Summary of factsProvided that Ocean carriers fleet doesnt present a ship which meets the new customers requirements and that a fairly long clipping is needed to build a new one, the management has to decide in 2001 whether to commission a vessel for a 3-year time charter beginning in 2003 at an initial daily hire rate of $20,000 growing at a footstep of $200per year of contract.Statement of the problemMany factors are to be considered such as the daily hire rate and operational cost trends, the yield and occupy of iron ore and steel which form the 85% of capesize dry bulk carriers shipments. The headquarter location, on which the taxation regime depends, is too acritical decision epoch in Hong Kong the operations would be exempt from tax, they would account for 35% on profit in New York.AnalysisFor a better comprehension of the problem, we offset printing focused on some possible outcomes depending on supply and demand tendency. In the short term, an exces s of supply (63 new vessels) and no major forces influencing the demand will cause the hire rates to drop. Also, if the consulting group is to be fully trusted, a sharp decrease in iron ore vessel shipments will gross out down prices as well. Looking at a longer horizon, supply and demand drivers are mainly, for the latter, the world economy as a whole and hatful patterns i.e. the longer distance the more demand, and for the former the efficiency and size of vessels (negative correlation), the demand for shipping capacity and the age of the ships. These factors reveal unconditional long-term effects. Due to Australian ad Indian demand rocketing, exports will expand along with higher trading volume.Moreover, Ocean carriers presents an advantage with regards to their ships they are bigger and newer thus deserving a plus 15% factor over standard prices. Nevertheless, adverse aspects should be taken into account as well, such as the inefficiency in building a new vessel (2 years) whi ch could lead to a growing demand for net working capital in order to strengthen the companys fiscal position and make it able to face sudden cash outflows. In addition, given their better growth pattern, Ocean Carriers should favour the spot and not the time daily hire rates instead of locking themselves up in long term, less flexible contracts.Our view for the long run is definitely positive though not outstanding, with future growth resembling the inflation level. Considering the mentioned facts as well as all the assumptions, the choice that has to be made will be in the main influenced by the daily hire rates. These factors are the mostvolatile and difficult to predict and influence income, profit and finally cash-flows. MsLinns decision should assess different and unpleasant outcomes before taking a decision ground only on cash-flows NPV. Firstly, when comparing Hong Kongs and new Yorks NPV, the no tax zone is clearly the better choice (see table 3 and 4 for calculations), with the 35% straight-line american taxation killing most of the profits from the investments first years. Even if we consider an accelerated depreciation system (MACRS) and compare equivalent profits, annuity figures are still worse for taxed areas (graph 3).From this calculation we begin to see how actual cash-flow equivalent annuities are not markedly different between the 15 and 25-year no-tax projects. If accurately analysed, inter-period NPVs show an unexpected picture (table and graph 1). If the reinvestment of the scrap value could guarantee a real rate of return similar to the discount used (discount rate=9%,inflation rate=3%,real discount=5,83%), the two NPVs conk closer. This partially explains why, of the two, the shorter investment is the best a substantial chunk of the 25-year projects NPV (74%) is created in the latter period of the investment (2017-2027) when prices are hardly predictable, more volatile and easily influenced by present expectations. $610.159,93 sup plementary cash income are not worth 10 more years of holding period operating and survey costs become too heavy to sustain the additional period of investment.We carried on our analysis by looking at the hire rates and their expected value. The strong correlation between charter rates and shipments reported by the consulting firm is now being took into consideration (table and graph 2). The outsourced analysis states that when shipment numbers rise so should the same charter rates. Unfortunately this is wrong under a statistical point of view whilst shipments and 3-year hire rates face actually slightly related, the number of shipments and the spot rates go surprisingly inthe opposite direction (Pearson correlation index=(0.3783)). Hence, long term NPV needs to be managed carefully being based on assumptions notentirely true.RecommendationsThe 15-year, no-tax investment is the right choice.The NPV of this project turns out to be positive, leading us to press the signature of the contract. Turning down this operation would mean wasting future earnings. Furthermore, the 25-year project is unsafe it could dry out the companys cash and equivalents and stay fresh the reinvestment of the scrap value ($5M) in more profitable projects. The extra return doesnt justify a 10 year longer investment based on many unreliable assumptions, not supported by statistical data and which does not grant the flexibility that a shorter one would.

1776 Reading Review

Katie Cohen Ms. Kenny AP US History, Period 5 15 August 2012 Summer Reading Assignment David McCulloughs 1776 is an insightful and honest account of Americas first war the Revolutionary war. In the book, David McCullough describes events and skirmishes that led up to the independence of the United States of America and the events that followed it. The book primarily focuses on the military aspects of the revolutionary war. The pastiche of firsthand account, quotes, and perspectives of both the Americans and the British make 1776 an extremely well crafted story made up of firsthand facts.To some 1776 may non be sweet or engaging, however, it is very precise and descriptive. David McCullough does an exceptional job of explaining the Independence of America in a way that does not bore the audience like nigh historical biographies do. Although it is clear from the beginning that David McCullough intentionally portrays America as the hero of the book, he allows the reader to identify with the British and even the king of Britain at the while as well. Honest and unbiased accounts are given towards both the Americans as well as the British.Many candid and liberal accounts of the British and the Americans as put forth throughout the book. With much detail, David McCullough illustrates King Georges reaction to the rebellious American colonists as they begin to organize for freedom in the first chapter. He does not shed light on George Washington as a superior and more competent general than Howe. Both American and British forces are describe in times of brilliance, luck, disappointment and shame. Not only is David McCullough unbiased, but he gives many in depth descriptions of his characters.The reader is able to become familiar with the characteristics, visible appearances, and biases of a majority of the characters. Joseph Reed is described as a young man with a long jaw and a somewhat quizzical touch sensation in his eyes (44), and James Grant, a grossly fat, highly opinionated scot (71). The descriptions of characters range from the British generals, to the American traitors. They make the book understandable and complex. Overall, 1776 is an enjoyable read, however, it could view as focused more on he Declaration of Independence and the effects the war had on Great Britain. McCullough delivers the history as a story, while maintaining the heed of his audience. The usage of imagery is tremendous with few exceptions all of the events were illustrated vividly. Quotes of the people who participated in the war are probably the most interest aspects of this book. I, personally, would recommend this book because it is intriguing and an easy way to learn essential information about the country in which we live in effectively.

Manufacturing and Packaging Line

CASE ANALYSIS MEMO SESSION 06 Keurig 2012. 11. 07 Entrepreneurial Management Dr. Sean M. Hackett Waseda Business School, MBA Fall, 2012 Panjapol wariratanaroj (pe) 35112329-5 JOanna subgenus Chen (joanna) 35112318-7 li wei 35122327-5 kemal SADULLAYEV (kemal) 35129403-1 Gaetano dimprima (tano) 35129755-8 I. Identify/Define the Key Issues/Situation Analysis A. Key issues that will impact Keurig to survive, thrive and grow Strong bargaining part from a supplier MTS, being the only supplier for the K-Cup promotional material line, has a control everyplace the machine.Having no substitution mean in place, Keurig is forced to assume MTSs request to fulfill the K-Cup manufacturing capacity. Difficult to change state engineer the manufacturing technology despite the alternatives of having new K-Cup suppliers, there is no assurance that the new suppliers could complete the see to it on- term and on-budget as the learning loop is hard to be built at an initial stage. Delays in the full roll-out of the new deep brown brewing system delays in manufacturing lines (both K-Cups production and brewing machines) caused a subsequent delay in distributing goods to consumers.Thus, it created risk of losing market opportunity to other competitors. B. Critical Success Factors Quality of the final product despite marketing efforts and distribution channels, if either the final product (coffee) tastes bad or the brewer does non perform well, it dejectiont be sold. Consistent and sufficient funding prior to the product launch in order to create an impact to the coffee market, the large amount of funding is compulsory to swan the operations. Ability to bring a brewers price down in a consumer segment while keeping the good tint product considering the high quality coffees, people are much than likely to purchase a little expensive household version especially at a supermarket or grocery, which has the highest percentage for buying locations. II. Mobilize Strategi c Choices A. Choice 1 Work with multiple case line manufacturers at the same time and take good of the brewer that would take Keurig more seriously Pilla. 1. deduction of choice 1 The supplier in less favorable financial situations is more likely to pay attention to Keurigs needs.In this case, Pilla also possesses the capability to support the brewer production. Keurig gage prepare Pilgrim and Quantum for future production while MTS is currently manufacturing the K-Cup box lines. This will cover the delay time needed by Pilgrim and Quantum to deliver future productions. More risk averse, multiple suppliers will decrease Keurigs settlement on suppliers. Delivery time and costs can be more efficiently managed. Also, Keurig can observe suppliers efficiencies before deciding the major supplier. Multiple packaging lines can provide larger supplying of K-cups for future expansion. . Reasons why choice 1 may not be optimal More price negotiations and take shape in progress v aried by suppliers. Also, the working procedures may be different and buyers-suppliers relationship may be more complexed. The standard of the final products can be varied by suppliers due to a slight difference in manufacturing capability and technology. The financially unstable suppliers can be unreliable. For example, they may be in risk of facing bankruptcy, or they may lower SG&A expenses and it will affect the operations. B. Choice 2 Continue cooperation with MTS and change brewer to Pilla . Significance of choice 2 Does not waste time on searching for alternative packaging line manufacturers. Hence, avoid the time to be consumed by reverse engineering process. MTS already has experience in making the first packaging line. Moreover, the product quality delivered by MTS is already known and acceptable. Good communication with MTS would look on-time delivery of future packaging lines. Enjoy cost-benefits from possibility of lower price from Pilla. 2. Reasons why choice 2 may not be optimal MTS unflurried have very large bargaining power for future productions.Thus, the cost for K-Cup packaging line activities could be driven up significantly. Pilla, being financially insecure, can be a risk for the roll-out schedule in case there is a problem in the manufacturing processes as it links to the packaging line. Single packaging line supplier and brewer means lower production capacity compared with Choice 1, this would limit Keurigs future expansion plans to go into the consumer market. C. Choice 3 Internalize brewer production and work with multiple packaging line suppliers 1. Significance of choice 3 Keurig will gain more control over the production because itll be easier to forecast production capacity and therell be more inventory control. Kuerig already have the people and the capabilities that it needs. Finally gaining the learning curve product brewers will help Keurig to reduce its production costs and thanks to this reduction itll be easier to sell more brewers to distributors at less price and less defected products. Working with multiple suppliers on the packaging line side will supply them less bargaining power making us more freelancer. 2. Reasons why choice 3 may not be optimal A big amount of investment required in terms of money to internalize the production Keurig need to buy new assets and it will need time to set-up the production in the new factory. Keurig will face the risks concerning the manufacturing activity. III. Recommend a Specific Strategic Choice Recommendation . Choice 1 Work with multiple packaging line manufacturers at the same time and take advantage of the brewer that would take Keurig more seriously Pilla. 1. Keurig will be much more independent and itll not face again another situation as those encountered with Vandelay and MTS.This choice, even if could be risky at the beginning due to possible delays in the delivery of the complete brewer system (K-cup+Brewer), will ensure Keurig n ot to rely too much to only one supplier with a lot of bargaining power. 2. Relying on many suppliers will give Keurig much more control over their suppliers prices, unleashing a competition between them to gain more and more orders. Itll also help Keurig to draw up more precise budgets and trading plans that will not be affected by suppliers whims. 3. Thinking on a future expansion, Keurig need to find new suppliers who can easily support the capacity it needs. Risks/Limitations . Even if it is a good time to find new suppliers, the moment is very risky because we have a schedule that we need to deference to start building the company reputation.Delays and other on-the-road problem with the new suppliers could be fatal for Keurig. 2. Some of the new suppliers suffer financial problems that, if not solved, can surely affect Keurig. A. Recapitulation of why this choice is the right recommendation We have a marketing plan that can be fulfilled only if everything on the supply side goes as it was supposed to. In order to penetrate the market K-cups will be sold to the Office Manager at a price of 0. 0$, with no charge to the coffee machine. The price of a cup of coffee is higher than our direct competitors but compared to other premium coffee (as Starbucks) the quality is very high and the people who tried our coffee loved it. The wholesale price to the OCS distributors and to the Food Service suppliers will be at 0. 25$ per cup and initially we will give them the machine for free if they buy a certain amount of cups. Thats the real marketing strategy, because distributors play a central role in this industry, so we need to be able to offer (actually fill them up with) machines so theyll push hard to introduce it privileged the market.The free machine plus high margin (100%) per K-Cup will help us penetrate the market. However to do so we need an efficient supply chain that could grow with us and not take advantage of us. We need to take the risk and diversif y our suppliers so we will be able to give our machines for free to distributor. We also need to get ready with our capacity for when the demand will grow. We cant manage such changes in our business plan if we are to haggle with insolent suppliers.

Explore the Stages of Producing a Good Essay Essay

In this try break through I will be discussing the different stages involved in producing a good college turn up from locomote to finish. I will describe exactly what an search is, how to break down and understand an essay call, how to prep atomic number 18 to write an essay, the aboriginal stages in essay development and the role of self reflection on the development of your essay writing skills.An essay is a major break up of formal education and is use to access a disciples performance and show that they have researched and understood a busy subject or issue. It is a piece of writing with a particular structure and layout. A hornswoggle piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one done by students as part of the work for a course (Cambridge Dictionary, 2009). Usually it is written in a formal, academic call the language is different from the way you speak.it is not conversational (Cottrell 2008175). An essay backup is given and this is utilise as a questi on which must be ultimately answered throughout the essay. You ar expected to trounce to exactly what the essay title is asking for. Before starting an essay you require to make trustworthy that you understand what it is asking you to do. Every question has key words, and identifying them will help you decide what the assignment is to the highest degree and what you have to do (The plain-spoken University 2007).Once you have a clear idea of what the essay title is asking for you finish hence look more closely at the resources available to you, such as books, articles, class notes, the internet, television and newspapers. You need to weigh up the relevance of the reading you find and be selective. You need to ask yourself Do I need the information? and How will I use this information? (Cottrell 2008176). It is classical to record which recourses you found your information in to avoid plagiarism. All recourses used in the essay needs to be listed in a attendence list at th e end of the essay and allows the reader to refer back to these sources for themselves. Next you need to organise and plan your essay. The Structure and organisation of your work is right as important as the content. What matters is not just what you know but the way that you organise it (Cottrell 2008182). The hard part is getting the information and ideas that you have gathered into a well organised and coherent state and then start the actual writing. Arrange the information that you have already sourced into topics, a spider diagram pot be handy for this. Make a plan for the main parts of your essay, and note down the key ideas and information for each part.An transaction plan is good way of preparing your ideas and will help you map out your essay. A good essay flows logically from one point to another, preparing an action plan can sanction this. It gives you the chance to plan out what you may put in your introduction and conclusion, what your main points will be and what you will focus on in each paragraph in the main body of your essay. An action plan can help you to develop your argument but also keeps you on track. If you simply start writing, with your pile of notes at your side, and you havent given any thought to the organisation of the ideas and information, then you are very likely to end up with an essay that rambles and has no clear sense of direction (Edinburgh Napier University, 2009).A outset bill of exchange is a chance to quickly jot down your ideas using your plan. This is not a final version of your essay. Dont expect to write perfect text at the first go, you will need to spend time going back over and rewriting or reorganising your paragraphs (The Open University 2007). Dont worry about spelling or punctuation at this stage this is just a chance to get your ideas down on paper.Sometimes after writing your first draft your ideas may have developed from those which you put in your initial action plan. This means that you would ha ve to rewrite your action plan If necessary, rework your outline plan as you proceed. You may rework your plan some(prenominal) times as your thinking becomes more sophisticated. This is part of the process of understanding a subject (Cottrell 2008186).At this point you should have a good picture of what you want in your final essay. You should check that the information you have is grouped and in a good logical order, then begin to write your final draft. You need to make sure that your final draft makes sense, reading it aloud can help with this. come across that you have used enough evidence and examples to back up your argument and make certain that your references are written correctly and that the source of your information is made clear. Check for punctuation, spelling and grammar mistakes, getting this right can help improve your marks. Finally check that it is neat and well largessed.It is important as a student to be able to reflect on how you learn best this can help y ou improve your essay writing skills. Cottrell believes that you should make constructive use of the feedback that you receive from your tutors but it is also of great benefit to be able to work out for yourself what is it you do well and what you need to improve. This is also called self-reflection. Your performance as a student is likely to improve if you set time aside to reflect on how you learn.In conclusion, to assign a good college essay you must always keep focused on what the essay title is asking for, present your ideas and information in a well structured, coherent way, ensuring that it flows logically from the introduction to the conclusion. financial backing your ideas or arguments with good relevant evidence and make sure that this is properly referenced. Lastly always present your essays appropriately in good written English.

Human behavior in Late adulthood stage Essay

The paper will be nidus on the stages of psychosocial development specifically that of the latterlyr Adulthood Stage. Though this stage of adulthood does not plow the same signifi tail endce to the other developmental stages in adulthood, especially to the earlier stages, at least in terms of how the individual sees his or her military man in the context of unitys closing eld of bread and butter and vice versa. Nevertheless, the Late Adulthood Stage remains of utmost significance for the reason that it holds unity crucial aspect in the final development stage of an adult the integrity of the ego.It must be noted at this point that the ego in the Late Adulthood Stage has already engrossed within the span of the individuals life processes and life in general a gigantic degree of experience. What remains in this stage are the radiations of past experiences that withdraw not withered away with the forgetfulness of gentleman memory, as well as the individuals reformed percep tions of his or her world that have adapted to the series of changes in ones environment and that have also shaped the genuinely structure of the environment where one dwells in.A look into some of the significant details of this stage reveals the system of weights of this particular course in contrast to the other stages in adulthood whereby the unique strands of psychosocial precepts that properly pass away to this stage identifies it as much than just a culminating phase. Theoretical backgrounds In Eriksons Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development, the Late Adult Stage summarizes its major tasks in the development of the adult in terms of introspection.This is primarily because this phase is essentially the stage wherein the individual is unaccompanied commensurate to perform fewer activities in contrast to the premature years of ones life where the person is actively participating, to a certain extent, in both leisure or work. Whereas younger mess constantly interact w ith their surroundings and with other individuals, older people who belong to the last stage of human development are, in many cases, bodilyly unable to graceful the necessities required by leisure and work.For the most part, although the aged people can barely enjoin themselves in these physically challenging activities, the Later Adulthood stage in Eriksons theory tells us that these individuals surpass most of their time instead on recollecting in their memory the experiences they had in the early chapters of their lives. Thus, as one can observe among the time-worn, their acts of relating stories of anterior meddling with past events and persons reveal one aspect of human introspection.It manifests their attempt, at the very least, to cope with their physical inability or lacking in terms of mobility by contemplating on whatever is remaining in their memory. More importantly, the Later Adulthood stage highlights the inevitable fact in human life death. As with the aged peop le, the wisdom they have acquired in their many endeavors during their younger days all point them to the inescapable fact of death thereby insinuating a sense of fear in their minds.As this fact is instilled in their thoughts, the elderly are eventually placed in a sooner uncomfortable situation as their days are drawn closer to its closing chapters. This is the point wherein their views on both life and death are make headway defined by themselves, testing their maturity and steamy capability to accept such fact and to acquire the sufficient integrity and belief in their selves so as not to succumb to the fear of dying.Robert Havighurst, in his perception on the developmental tasks in the life of the individual, points our attention to his interpretation on the later maturity stage of the individual. He asserts that after the time of retreat from ones occupation, the individual eventually undergoes several adjustments in the sense that the person begins to adapt a new lifestyle that fits the conditions that beset the individual. These conditions, especially after finally closing the window for a previous occupation, are reflected in many ways.A few of these conditions include relocating to a smaller house or the reduction in ones income among many others. These circumstances ultimately brings changes, either drastic or gradual, to the living conditions in the life of the person that one is in turn prompted to realign ones manner of living with new measures. In essence, Havighurst suggests that the elderly are more after the attempt at holding on to life rather than the actual seizing of the things that life has to offer.That is, the state of life of the elderly can be seen as one that is inclined to maintain life or the things that one already has in life rather than the expansion of it. To be taught of news ways of living entails not only the adoption of new approaches in dealing with the necessities brought about by age and ones physical deterioration. I t also entails the idea that these elderly people are bound to attempt at putting more effort in holding on to life, quite apart from the idea that they ought to broaden their perception of the world and their perception of both life and death.In the context of the theories that revolve around the analysis on the stages of human development in terms of the psychosocial perspective as well as the patterns of behavior exhibited by the elderly, we can fairly extract the idea as hypothesis that these patterns of behavior are the results of the developed perceptions of the elderly with the further realization of death or, at the very least, the deterioration of ones health and living conditions. methodology The participants in the interview are composed of 20 non-working elderly from the male and female genders with age 60 and above randomly chosen.All of the participants can understand and speak the English language, their primary language, and are residents of the unify States of Ame rica. The religious orientation of the participants is Roman Catholicism as well as they are financially parasitic on the insurance money they receive every month, apart from the medical assistance they are able to acquire from it. Moreover, the participants are now living on their own, with their families living in their respective homes separate from their elderly.

Prejudice in to Kil a Mocking Bird

Prejudice is shown in numerous ways in To Kill a Mocking Bird. From social prejudice against the Cunninghams to racial prejudice against Tom Robinson, the book has displayed worldy aspects of how people can look through the window and see things completely differently than the person beside them. A stimulate of social prejudice is when Aunt Alexandra forbid Scout to play with Walter Cunningham, a poor son whom Scout attends school with. This is because Aunt Alexandra sees Walter and his family as poor and beneath the Finches, in her words, theyre good folks.But theyre not our mental of folks. This shows that to the Maycomb citizens, social status is an extremely important issue. Also, in Tom Robinsons case, Aunt Alexandra also advices genus genus genus genus Atticus not to take up the case, as it would cause the people of Maycomb to look down on them or gossip intimately them. Hence this shows that people in Maycomb like Aunt Alexandra be extremely advised about where they stand in the society. Maycomb is a very phantasmal town with the foot-washing Baptists appearing to have a strong influence on the community.The foot-washers have very strict views and believe that anything which is pleasurable is a sin. They are on that pointfore prejudiced against a great deal of people who are different from them with different opinions. An face of their prejudice is when Miss Maudie says, some of em came out of the woods one Saturday and passed by this place and told me and my flowers we were divergence to hell. Their belief is so extreme that they feel they should threaten those who enjoy life. Another example of religious prejudice is the isolation of the Radleys.This isolation is due to the Radley family not attending church which is Maycombs principal merriment The Radleys suffer religious prejudice because they keep themselves to themselves, apart from everyone else. This action is considered a disapproval by the people of Maycomb. Also, Mrs Radley ha rdly ever crossed the street for a mid-morning coffee break with her neighbours , this is also deemed unfriendly and inexcusable by the people of Maycomb hence the isolated of the Radleys.A form of racial prejudice can be seen from the mental testing of Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson is a black man who was found guilty of a rape he didnt commit. The racial prejudice nature of Maycomb is clearly portrayed through such instances as the fact that Atticus is accused by the town of being a nigger lover for defending Toms case and also through the mob scene outside the jail. The fact that a snowy man would stand up for a black man in that town got them very upset. Yeah, but Atticus aims to defend him. Thats what I dont like about it.The people are also not pleased that Atticus tried his best to defend Tom Robinson It is in the Tom Robinson trial that the greatest example of hurt because of prejudice is seen. The townspeople did not care whether Tom was innocent or guilty because of his co lor and neer even gave him a chance because he was black. Although Atticus actually manages to prove the innocence of Tom Robinson, the clean jury still refuses to declare the innocence of a black man over a sporty resulting in the most blatant testimony to the fact that the town of Maycomb held racial discrimination above justice.Through its last the town essentially kills a mockingbird. Tom Robinson was a man who did no harm to others but quite actually helped others out of kindness a mockingbird who becomes victim to a racist society. Another form of racial prejudice is how inhumane the white are towards the black. The townspeople viewed this case as a carnival. It was a gala occasion. There was no room at the public hitching trail for another animal, mules and wagons were parked beneath every available tree.The courthouse square was covered with picnic parties sitting on newspapers, washing down cookie and syrup with warm milk from fruit jars. This was more like entertain ment for the townspeople. This was fun for them, talking with friends, having lunch, and joking. They were there only to watch the trial like as if they were watching a show, they were only curious about the verdict of Tom Robinsons case and were not concern about his predicament. This shows the prejudice in the white that caused them to be extremely cruel.

Chores vs. Allowance

Great dinner, delicious, I say shake upting up with my plate. E very(prenominal)body agreed as my family all got up and put their plates on the rejoinder. My step mom to a fault grabbed the pots and pans and stacked them on top of the plates. The whole counter is eventually covered with all different types of dishes. Alright now try to guess who raise to wash, purge and clean all these dishes all by themselves, me. Every time we eat, Im responsible for dishes, the toughest Job in the domicile after we eat. Its Just me, soap, a sponge, and an army of pots and pans for 45 minutes to an hour and 15 minutes.Then Just when I hypothecate Im done the reinforcements come in and they need to washed and scrubbed to the point of spotless. Im in the zone though washing dish by dish so that the attack force is very hapless on numbers and that Im almost done. Now its time for my reward, a pat on the back, and a , slap-up Job, from my dad, nonhing else, no notes. Many kids, like the one a bove have to do chores around the dwelling and dont add an allowance because their parents think these chores should be mandatory. Having to do chores for no reward does not motivate the tike to the plough they have to do.If the chela was remunerative a few bucks a week, the pip-squeak would be more than motivated to take on the business of doing chores that he/she go away get paid a pair off of bucks for. A small cash allowance for doing a certain(p) amount of chores would also take the child to handle money that there working for. I believe that a hebdomadally allowance would teach kids responsibility, and that they would work for things not expect them to be given to them, the child would also learn how to handle money more maturely. One reason why kids should get a weekly allowance for doing chores is that it teaches kids he responsibility to work for things.If your parents do every(prenominal)thing for you, you wont take on any responsibility, which wouldnt help yo u in the long run when you perish out of your parents house. According to one article, If kids have to work for their money, they also bequeath understand and hopefully give notice how hard it is to work and earn money, (www. online. ws. com). This is saying that getting paid for doing chores teaches the responsibility of working for your own money, and that money doesnt come easy. Also according to another article, Chores teach life skills, cooperation, nd responsibility, (www. parenttoolshop. com).This quote says that chores teach responsibility, and that kids should work for things. Although some parents qualification say that chores should be mandatory, because the parents take care of you, an allowance would excite kids to help and get them doing chores, rather than being forced to do something the child will argue about. A reward would also teach the child to do a Job well but it would take longer than to do the chore quick but not do it well because there not excited to d o it. The reward also helps to motivate the child into doing hores so they can help but theyll still get a couple of bucks.Overall an allowance for doing chores has the potential to teach kids responsibility. Another reason why a weekly allowance for doing chores is a good idea is because kids would learn to handle money more maturely and to not waste it on stupid stutt It the child got money the child would learn to save their money so that when they get honest-to-god the child wont be shop crazy and spend money at every opportunity. According to one source, The goal of an allowance is to reinforce the lesson to kids that all money is imited and that kids will be outstrip if they put thought into how they use it. (www. oprah. com). This says that getting money for chores will teach the child a administrate about money and how to use it. If the kid learns this from an early age it will help them when they get older and are faced with tougher decisions on what they should buy. Ano ther source also states that, Allowances can teach money solicitude skills how to earn, budget and priorities purchases, (www. parenttoolshop. com). This says that having money will teach skills that can only be taught by having money.Although some parents think that the child will waste the allowance money, then ask for more money to get something, the child will be told that since he/she is getting an allowance, he/she cant ask for more money when they run out, which will teach the child how to save and spend his/her own money that they earned. Overall an allowance for doing chores has the chance of pedagogics kids money management skills that children will need when they get older. Although I believe that an allowance for chores is a very good idea I do understand some of the points against my argument are legitimate reasons.Some parents might say that an allowance for chores will have children doing everything for money, not Just wanting to help out. However the parents should carve up the chores into two groups. I do agree that the child should be responsible for doing everyday chores, so that those chores will be group 1. The group one chores are mandatory and the child does not get paid for doing them. Group 2 would have chores that are more difficult, but if done properly the child would get a reward. The reward comes at the end of the week only if the child completed a certain amount of chores agreed upon by that family.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventy

JonThe maria whickered softly as Jon bamboozle tightened the cinch. Easy, sweet lady, he decl ar in a soft voice, quieting her with a touch. Wind whispered through the stable, a cold deceased breath on his face, except Jon paid it no mind. He strapped his roll to the saddle, his scarred fingers stiff and clumsy. speck, he c whollyed softly, to me. And the beast was there, eyes the likes of embers.Jon, please. You must non do this.He mounted, the reins in his hand, and wheeled the provide around to face the shadow. surface-to-air missile considerably Tarly stood in the stable door, a full moon peering over his shoulder. He threw a giants shadow, immense and saturnine. Get come for contendd of my way, Sam.Jon, you behindt, Sam give tongue to. I wont each(prenominal)ow you.I would so unityr not equipment casualty you, Jon told him. Move aside, Sam, or Ill ride you pop up.You wont. You progress to to listen to me. Please . . . Jon put his spurs to clamflesh, and the mare bolted for the door. For an instant Sam stood his ground, his face as round and pale as the moon foundation him, his mouth a railroad siding O of surprise. At the last moment, when they were almost on him, he jumped aside as Jon had live onn he would, stumbled, and skin. The mare leapt over him, out into the night.Jon raised the hood of his heavy cloak and gave the supply her forefront. Castle dark was silent and unflurried as he rode out, with Ghost pelt along at his side. Men watched from the contend behind him, he knew, barely their eyes were turned north, not south. No angiotensin converting enzyme would tick off him go, no one but Sam Tarly, struggling post to his feet in the dust of the old stables. He hoped Sam hadnt mischief himself, f eithering like that. He was so heavy and so ungainly, it would be average like him to draw a wrist or twist his ankle getting out of the way. I warned him, Jon said aloud. It was slide fastener to do with him, eitherwa y. He flexed his burned hand as he rode, opening and culmination the scarred fingers. They still pained him, but it felt unattackable to take a leak the wrappings off.Moonlight silvered the hills as he followed the twisting train of remembering of the kingsroad. He needed to get as far from the Wall as he could before they cognize he was gone. On the morrow he would leave the road and strike out overland through theater and bush and stream to throw off pursuit, but for the moment speed was more important than deception. It was not as though they would not guess where he was going.The hoary channel was accustomed to rise at first light, so Jon had until dawn to put as domainy leagues as he could in the midst of him and the Wall . . . if Sam Tarly did not betray him. The fat boy was dutiful and easily f estimableened, but he go to bed Jon like a brother. If questioned, Sam would doubtless tell them the impartiality, but Jon could not imagine him braving the guards in ap parent movement of the Kings Tower to wake Mormont from sleep.When Jon did not appear to fetch the onetime(a) corroborates breakfast from the kitchen, theyd disembo jaded spirit in his cell and find Longclaw on the supply. It had been hard to abandon it, but Jon was not so lost to honor as to take it with him. Even Jorah Mormont had not done that, when he fled in disgrace. Doubtless shaper Mormont would find soul more worthy of the blade. Jon felt great(p) when he thought of the old man. He knew his desertion would be salt in the still-raw wound of his sons disgrace. That seemed a poor way to repay him for his trust, but it couldnt be helped. No matter what he did, Jon felt as though he were betraying somewhatone.Even now, he did not greet if he was doing the honorable thing. The southron had it easier. They had their septons to talk to, someone to tell them the gods go out and help sort out right from wrong. But the Starks worshiped the old gods, the nameless gods, and i f the heart trees heard, they did not speak.When the last lights of Castle sullen vanished behind him, Jon slowed his mare to a walk. He had a long journey ahead and only the one horse to see him through. There were holdfasts and farming villages along the road south where he exponent be able to carry on the mare for a fresh mount when he needed one, but not if she were injured or blown.He would need to find new clothes soon most like, hed need to steal them. He was clad in black from head to heel higher(prenominal) leather riding boots, roughspun breeches and tunic, fruitless leather jerkin, and heavy wool cloak. His longsword and dagger were sheathed in black moleskin, and the hauberk and coif in his saddlebag were black ringmail. Any bit of it could mean his death if he were taken. A stranger wearing black was viewed with cold suspicion in every(prenominal) village and holdfast north of the Neck, and men would soon be watching for him. in one case Maester Aemons seizes too k flight, Jon knew he would find no safe haven. Not correct at Winterfell. Bran might want to let him in, but Maester Luwin had better sense. He would bar the gates and send Jon away, as he should. Better not to call there at all.Yet he saw the castle white in his minds eye, as if he had left it only yesterday the towering granite walls, the Great Hall with its smells of kitty and dog and roasting pump, his fathers solar, the turret room where he had slept. Part of him valued nothing so much(prenominal) as to hear Bran laugh again, to sup on one of Gages beef-and-bacon pies, to listen to gray-headed Nan tell her tales of the children of the forest and Florian the Fool.But he had not left the Wall for that he had left because he was after(prenominal) all his fathers son, and Robbs brother. The gift of a sword, scour a sword as fine as Longclaw, did not remove him a Mormont. Nor was he Aemon Targaryen. Three times the old man had chosen, and three times he had chosen honor, but that was him. Even now, Jon could not decide whether the maester had stayed because he was weak and craven, or because he was blind drunk and aline. Yet he chthonianstood what the old man had meant, near the pain of choosing he understood that all too well.Tyrion Lannister had claimed that most men would rather deny a hard truth than face it, but Jon was done with denials. He was who he was Jon Snow, bastard and oathbreaker, motherless, friendless, and damned. For the rest of his lifehowever long that might behe would be condemned to be an outsider, the silent man standing in the shadows who dares not speak his true name. Wherever he might go throughout the Seven Kingdoms, he would need to live a lie, lest every mans hand be raised against him. But it made no matter, so long as he lived long enough to take his place by his brothers side and help avenge his father.He remembered Robb as he had last seen him, standing in the yard with snow melting in his auburn hair. Jon would have to come to him in secret, disguised. He tried to imagine the look on Robbs face when he revealed himself. His brother would shake his head and smile, and hed say . . . hed say . . .He could not see the smile. Hard as he tried, he could not see it. He found himself idea of the deserter his father had decapitated the day theyd found the direwolves. You said the words, Lord Eddard had told him. You took a vow, before your brothers, before the old gods and the new. Desmond and Fat gobbler had dragged the man to the stump. Brans eyes had been wide as saucers, and Jon had to remind him to keep his pony in hand. He remembered the look on Fathers face when Theon Greyjoy brought forth Ice, the spray of blood on the snow, the way Theon had kicked the head when it came rolling at his feet.He wondered what Lord Eddard might have done if the deserter had been his brother Benjen instead of that ragged stranger. Would it have been any different? It must, surely, surely . . . and Robb would welcome him, for a certainty. He had to, or else . . .It did not bear thinking about. Pain throbbed, deep in his fingers, as he clutched the reins. Jon put his heels into his horse and broke into a gallop, racing down feather the kingsroad, as if to outrun his doubts. Jon was not afraid of death, but he did not want to die like that, trussed and bound and beheaded like a common brigand. If he must perish, let it be with a sword in his hand, fighting his fathers killers. He was no true Stark, had never been one . . . but he could die like one. Let them say that Eddard Stark had fathered four sons, not three.Ghost unploughed pace with them for almost fractional a mile, red tongue lolling from his mouth. Man and horse same lowered their heads as he asked the mare for more speed. The wolf slowed, stopped, watching, his eyes glowing red in the moonlight. He vanished behind, but Jon knew he would follow, at his own pace.Scattered lights flickered through the trees ahead of him, on so me(prenominal) sides of the road Moles Town. A dog barked as he rode through, and he heard a mules raucous haw from the stable, but otherwise the village was still. Here and there the glow of hearth fires shone through shuttered windows, leaking between wooden slats, but only a few.Moles Town was bigger than it seemed, but three quarters of it was under the ground, in deep warm cellars connected by a maze of tunnels. Even the whorehouse was down there, nothing on the surface but a wooden shack no bigger than a privy, with a red lantern hung over the door. On the Wall, hed heard men call the whores buried treasures. He wondered whether any of his brothers in black were down there tonight, mining. That was oathbreaking too, yet no one seemed to care.Not until he was well beyond the village did Jon slow again. By then both he and the mare were damp with sweat. He dismounted, shivering, his burned hand aching. A bank of melting snow lay under the trees, bright in the moonlight, water t rickling off to form bantam shallow pools. Jon squatted and brought his hands together, cupping the runoff between his fingers. The snowmelt was wintry cold. He drank, and splashed some on his face, until his cheeks tingled. His fingers were throbbing worse than they had in days, and his head was pounding too. I am doing the right thing, he told himself, so why do I feel so bad?The horse was well lathered, so Jon took the lead and walked her for a opus. The road was scarcely wide enough for 2 riders to pass abreast, its surface sew by tiny streams and littered with stone. That run had been truly stupid, an invitation to a up crop(a) neck. Jon wondered what had gotten into him. Was he in such a great shudder to die?Off in the trees, the hostile scream of some frightened animal made him look up. His mare whinnied nervously. Had his wolf found some prey? He cupped his hands around his mouth. Ghost he yelled. Ghost, to me. The only answer was a rush of wings behind him as an owl took flight.Frowning, Jon continued on his way. He led the mare for half an hour, until she was dry. Ghost did not appear. Jon wanted to mount up and ride again, but he was concerned about his missing wolf. Ghost, he called again. Where are you? To me Ghost Nothing in these woods could trouble a direwolf, even a half-grown direwolf, unless . . . no, Ghost was too smart to attack a bear, and if there was a wolf hire anywhere close Jon would have surely heard them howling.He should eat, he decided. Food would settle his plunk for and give Ghost the chance to catch up. There was no danger yet Castle Black still slept. In his saddlebag, he found a biscuit, a piece of cheese, and a small wizened brown apple. Hed brought salt beef as well, and a rasher of bacon hed filched from the kitchens, but he would save the meat for the morrow. After it was gone hed need to hunt, and that would slow him.Jon sat under the trees and ate his biscuit and cheese while his mare grazed along the kingsro ad. He kept the apple for last. It had gone a little soft, but the flesh was still tart and juicy. He was down to the core when he heard the sounds horses, and from the north. Quickly Jon leapt up and strode to his mare. Could he outrun them? No, they were too close, theyd hear him for a certainty, and if they were from Castle Black . . .He led the mare off the road, behind a thick stand of grey-green sentinels. Ouiet now, he said in a dull voice, crouching down to peer through the branches. If the gods were kind, the riders would pass by. Likely as not, they were only smallfolk from Moles Town, farmers on their way to their fields, although what they were doing out in the middle of the night . . .He listened to the sound of hooves growing steadily louder as they trotted briskly down the kingsroad. From the sound, there were five or six of them at the least. Their voices drifted through the trees. . . . certain he came this way?We cant be certain.He could have ridden east, for all you know. Or left the road to cut through the woods. Thats what Id do.In the dark? Stupid. If you didnt fall off your horse and break your neck, youd get lost and wind up bear out at the Wall when the sun came up.I would not. Grenn sounded peeved. Id just ride south, you can tell south by the stars.What if the deliver was cloudy? Pyp asked.Then I wouldnt go.Another voice broke in. You know where Id be if it was me? Id be in Moles Town, digging for buried treasure. Toads shrill laughter boomed through the trees. Jons mare snorted.Keep quiet, all of you, Haider said. I thought I heard something.Where? I didnt hear anything. The horses stopped.You cant hear yourself fart.I can too, Grenn insisted.QuietThey all fell silent, listening. Jon found himself holding his breath. Sam, he thought. He hadnt gone to the Old Bear, but he hadnt gone to bed either, hed woken the other boys. unsaved them all. Come dawn, if they were not in their beds, theyd be named deserters too. What did they thi nk they were doing?The hushed silence seemed to run on and on. From where Jon crouched, he could see the legs of their horses through the branches. Finally Pyp spoke up. What did you hear?I dont know, Haider admitted. A sound, I thought it might have been a horse but . . . Theres nothing here.Out of the corner of his eye, Jon glimpsed a pale shape moving through the trees. Leaves rustled, and Ghost came bounding out of the shadows, so suddenly that Jons mare started and gave a whinny. There Halder shouted.I heard it tooTraitor, Jon told the direwolf as he swung up into the saddle. He turned the mares head to slide off through the trees, but they were on him before he had gone ten feet.Jon Pyp shouted after him.Pull up, Grenn said. You cant outrun us all.Jon wheeled around to face them, drawing his sword. Get back. I dont wish to hurt you, but I will if I have to.One against seven? Halder gave a signal. The boys spread out, surrounding him.What do you want with me? Jon demanded.We w ant to take you back where you belong, Pyp said.I belong with my brother.Were your brothers now, Grenn said. Theyll cut off your head if they catch you, you know, Toad put in with a nervous laugh. This is so stupid, its like something the Aurochs would do.I would not, Grenn said. Im no oathbreaker. I said the words and I meant them.So did I, Jon told them. Dont you understand? They hit my father. Its war, my brother Robb is fighting in the riverlandsWe know, said Pyp solemnly. Sam told us everything.Were sorry about your father, Grenn said, but it doesnt matter. Once you say the words, you cant leave, no matter what.I have to, Jon said fervently.You said the words, Pyp reminded him. Now my watch begins, you said it. It shall not end until my death.I shall live and die at my post, Grenn added, nodding.You dont have to tell me the words, I know them as well as you do. He was angry now. wherefore couldnt they let him go in tranquility? They were only making it harder.I am the sword in the darkness, Halder intoned.The watcher on the walls, piped Toad.Jon cursed them all to their faces. They took no notice. Pyp spurred his horse closer, reciting, I am the fire that burns against the cold, the light that brings the dawn, the horn that wakes the sleepers, the shield that guards the realms of men. breathe back, Jon warned him, brandishing his sword. I mean it, Pyp. They werent even wearing armor, he could cut them to pieces if he had to.Matthar had circled behind him. He united the chorus. I pledge my life and honor to the Nights live.Jon kicked his mare, spinning her in a circle. The boys were all around him now, closing from every side.For this night . . . Halder trotted in from the left. . . . and all the nights to come, finished Pyp. He reached over for Jons reins. So here are your choices. Kill me, or come back with me.Jon lifted his sword . . . and lowered it, helpless. Damn you, he said. Damn you all.Do we have to bind your hands, or will you give us your word youll ride back peaceful? asked Halder.I wont run, if thats what you mean. Ghost moved out from under the trees and Jon glared at him. Small help you were, he said. The deep red eyes looked at him knowingly.We had best hurry, Pyp said. If were not back before first light, the Old Bear will have all our heads.Of the ride back, Jon Snow remembered little. It seemed shorter than the journey south, perhaps because his mind was elsewhere. Pyp set the pace, galloping, walking, trotting, and then breaking into another gallop. Moles Town came and went, the red lantern over the brothel long extinguished. They made good time. Dawn was still an hour off when Jon glimpsed the towers of Castle Black ahead of them, dark against the pale magnificence of the Wall. It did not seem like home this time.They could take him back, Jon told himself, but they could not make him stay. The war would not end on the morrow, or the day after, and his friends could not watch him day and night. He would bi de his time, make them think he was content to remain here . . . and then, when they had grown lax, he would be off again. coterminous time he would avoid the kingsroad. He could follow the Wall east, perhaps all the way to the sea, a longer route but a safer one. Or even west, to the mountains, and then south over the high passes. That was the wildlings way, hard and perilous, but at least no one wouid follow him. He wouldnt stray indoors a hundred leagues of Winterfell or the kingsroad.Samwell Tarly awaited them in the old stables, slumped on the ground against a bale of hay, too anxious to sleep. He rose and brushed himself off. I . . . Im glad they found you, Jon.Im not, Jon said, dismounting.Pyp hopped off his horse and looked at the lightening sky with disgust. Give us a hand bedding down the horses, Sam, the small boy said. We have a long day before us, and no sleep to face it on, thank to Lord Snow.When day broke, Jon walked to the kitchens as he did every dawn. Three-Fing er Hobb said nothing as he gave him the Old Bears breakfast. Today it was three brown eggs boiled hard, with fried bread and ham steak and a bun of wrinkled plums. Jon carried the food back to the Kings Tower. He found Mormont at the window seat, writing. His raven was walking back and forth across his shoulders, muttering, Corn, corn, corn. The bird shrieked when Jon entered. Put the food on the table, the Old Bear said, glancing up. Ill have some beer.Jon opened a shuttered window, took the flagon of beer off the outside ledge, and filled a horn. Hobb had given him a lemon, still cold from the Wall. Jon crushed it in his fist. The juice trickled through his fingers. Mormont drank lemon in his beer every day, and claimed that was why he still had his own teeth.Doubtless you loved your father, Mormont said when Jon brought him his horn. The things we love destroy us every time, lad. Remember when I told you that?I remember, Jon said sullenly. He did not care to talk of his fathers death, not even to Mormont.See that you never forget it. The hard truths are the ones to hold tight. Fetch me my plate. Is it ham again? So be it. You look weary. Was your moonlight ride so tiring?Jons throat was dry. You know?Know, the raven echoed from Mormonts shoulder. Know.The Old Bear snorted. Do you think they chose me Lord Commander of the Nights Watch because Im dumb as a stump, Snow? Aemon told me youd go. I told him youd be back. I know my men . . . and my boys too. Honor set you on the kingsroad . . . and honor brought you back.My friends brought me back, Jon said.Did I say it was your honor? Mormont inspected his plate.They killed my father. Did you expect me to do nothing?If truth be told, we expected you to do just as you did. Mormont tried a plum, spit out the pit. I ordered a watch kept over you., You were seen leaving. If your brothers had not fetched you back, you would have been taken along the way, and not by friends. Unless you have a horse with wings like a ra ven. Do you?No. Jon felt like a fool.Pity, we could use a horse like that.Jon stood tall. He told himself that he would die well that much he could do, at the least. I know the penalty for desertion, my lord. Im not afraid to die.Die the raven cried.Nor live, I hope, Mormont said, cutting his ham with a dagger and feeding a bite to the bird. You have not desertedyet. Here you stand. If we beheaded every boy who rode to Moles Town in the night, only ghosts would guard the Wall. Yet maybe you mean to flee again on the morrow, or a fortnight from now. Is that it? Is that your hope, boy?Jon kept silent.I thought so. Mormont peeled the have words off a boiled egg. Your father is dead, lad. Do you think you can bring him back?No, he answered, sullen.Good, Mormont said. Weve seen the dead come back, you and me, and its not something I care to see again. He ate the egg in two bites and flicked a bit of lather out from between his teeth. Your brother is in the field with all the power of t he north behind him. Any one of his lords bannermen commands more swords than youll find in all the Nights Watch. Why do you imagine that they need your help? Are you such a mighty warrior, or do you carry a grumkin in your pocket to magic up your sword?Jon had no answer for him. The raven was pecking at an egg, breaking the shell. Pushing his beak through the hole, he pulled out morsels of white and yoke.The Old Bear sighed. You are not the only one touched by this war. Like as not, my sister is marchland in your brothers host, her and those daughters of hers, dressed in mens mail. Maege is a hoary old snark, stubborn, short-tempered, and willful. Truth be told, I can hardly stand to be around the wretched woman, but that does not mean my love for her is any less than the love you bear your half sisters. Frowning, Mormont took his last egg and squeezed it in his fist until the shell crunched. Or perhaps it does. Be that as it may, Id still grieve if she were slain, yet you dont see me running off. I said the words, just as you did. My place is here . . . where is yours, boy?I have no place, Jon wanted to say, Im a bastard, I have no rights, no name, no mother, and now not even a father. The words would not come. I dont know.I do, said Lord Commander Mormont. The cold winds are rising, Snow. beyond the Wall, the shadows lengthen. Cotter Pyke writes of vast herds of elk, streaming south and east toward the sea, and mammoths as well. He says one of his men ascertained huge, misshapen footprints not three leagues from Eastwatch. Rangers from the Shadow Tower have found whole villages abandoned, and at night Ser Denys says they see fires in the mountains, huge blazes that burn from dusk till dawn. Quorin Halfhand took a captive in the depths of the Gorge, and the man swears that Mance Rayder is massing all his people in some new, secret stronghold hes found, to what end the gods only know. Do you think your uncle Benjen was the only ranger weve lost this past year ?Ben Jen, the raven squawked, bobbing its head, bits of egg dribbling from its beak. Ben Jen. Ben Jen.No, Jon said. There had been others. alike many.Do you think your brothers war is more important than ours? the old man barked.Jon chewed his lip. The raven flapped its wings at him. War, war, war, war, it sang.Its not, Mormont told him. Gods save us, boy, youre not blind and youre not stupid. When dead men come hunting in the night, do you think it matters who sits the Iron Throne?No. Jon had not thought of it that way.Your lord father sent you to us, Jon. Why, who can say?Why? Why? Why? the raven called.All I know is that the blood of the primary Men flows in the veins of the Starks. The First Men built the Wall, and its said they remember things otherwise forgotten. And that beast of yours . . . he led us to the wights, warned you of the dead man on the steps. Ser Jaremy would doubtless call that happenstance, yet Ser Jaremy is dead and Im not. Lord Mormont stabbed a chunk of h am with the point of his dagger. I think you were meant to be here, and I want you and that wolf of yours with us when we go beyond the Wall.His words sent a chill of excitement down Jons back. beyond the Wall?You heard me. I mean to find Ben Stark, alive or dead. He chewed and swallowed. I will not sit here meekly and wait for the snows and the ice winds. We must know what is happening. This time the Nights Watch will ride in force, against the King-beyond-the-Wall, the Others, and anything else that may be out there. I mean to command them myself. He pointed his dagger at Jons chest. By custom, the Lord Commanders steward is his squire as well . . . but I do not care to wake every dawn wondering if youve run off again. So I will have an answer from you, Lord Snow, and I will have it now. Are you a brother of the Nights Watch . . . or only a bastard boy who wants to play at war?Jon Snow straightened himself and took a long deep breath. Forgive me, Father. Robb, Arya, Bran . . . for give me, I cannot help you. He has the truth of it. This is my place. I am . . . yours, my lord. Your man. I swear it. I will not run again.The Old Bear snorted. Good. Now go put on your sword.